The Containment by Michelle Adams

This is subtitled: Detroit, The Supreme Court, and The Battle For Racial Justice In The North. I was interested in this topic--when I was in 6th grade in the early 1970's my school district in Pasadena, California desegregated, and not without challenges. There was a lot of negative energy around it, but my parents sat me down and asked me what I wanted to do, and we agreed to give it a try. For three years I was bussed to a school that was majority black and brown students and I had a life changing science teacher who lit a fire under me about just how cool the subject was and changed the course os my life. This book takes place years after Brown v. Board of Education was decided in 1954 and looks at the effort to change Detroit, the first northern locale to be brought to court. The U.S. Supreme Court remained committed to integration in the face of widespread protests, administrative game playing and other forms of resistance deployed throughout the South. Fed up with the region’s intransigence, it unanimously declared, in 1968, that such delays are no longer tolerable. The court went a step further in 1971. Granting federal judges broad discretion to desegregate schools — including busing, if necessary — the justices unanimously affirmed that their support for desegregating schools. The book’s section on institutional racism is most illuminating and paints a telling picture of why, without judicial intervention, integration was out of reach in many metropolitan areas. In contrast to the easily identifiable Jim Crow mandates prevalent in the South, bigotry in the North occurred largely out of sight, where public and private actors fueled the discriminatory housing practices that underpinned educational segregation. Real estate agents concealed listings in White neighborhoods from Black home buyers. Many houses included racial covenants, and federal housing agencies redlined Black neighborhoods. This dynamic hid in the gray areas of law and politics. And most tellingly, all of this seems very relevant and not that different 50 years on.